Uric Acid Stimulates Fructokinase And Accelerates Fructose Metabolism In The Development Of Fatty Liver

Content

• Collagen For Healthy Bones And Joints
• Do Fruits Increase Uric Acid Levels In The Blood?
• The Truth About Online Gout Remedies
• The Effect Of Fructose On Renal Biology And Disease

Here, we review the most relevant discoveries in the field, focusing on the role of UA in cardiometabolic disorders; and the link between fructose consumption, high blood UA levels, and associated disorders, particularly CVD. Schulze MB, Manson JE, Ludwig DS, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women. Sumino H, Ichikawa S, Kanda T, Nakamura T, Sakamaki T. Reduction of serum uric acid by hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with hyperuricaemia. Green tea has plant-based antioxidants known as catechins, the compounds that are known to assist liver function and eliminate liver fat accumulation. It should go without saying that taking care of your liver is imperative; it is time you give attention to the much neglected yet an important organ of the body and improve its function.

Collagen For Healthy Bones And Joints

The primarily source of added sugar, in USA, is sugar-sweeten beverages . Having an elevation of uric acid predicts having high blood pressure, and in fact new research demonstrates both in laboratory animals as well as in humans that lowering uric acid with a drug, allopurinol, has resulted in lowering of blood pressure. Uric acid also causes a reduction in enoyl CoA hydratase-1, a rate-limiting enzyme in β-fatty acid oxidation. Recent studies demonstrated that the induction of oxidative stress by high fructose or glucose increased NADH oxidase and the mitochondrial respiratory chain which is associated with diabetic complications .

Allopurinol prevents the development of hepatic steatosis in adult male rats drinking fructose. The luciferase activity was measured in HepG2 cells using the Luciferase Assay System according to the manufacturer’s instructions and as described previously . Briefly, HepG2 cells in six-well plates grown to 80% confluence were transiently transfected with each construct and a β-galactosidase reporter . Replicates were incubated at normal conditions or with acute exposure to fructose for 12 h. Cells were then lysed directly in luciferase reporter lysis buffer .

Do Fruits Increase Uric Acid Levels In The Blood?

Another important issue is whether glucose itself is the right control for fructose. Outwardly it would seem true, but we recently discovered that glucose may act to induce obesity and insulin resistance by being converted to fructose in the liver . Specifically, high concentrations of glucose, such as occurs in soft drinks, can induce the activation of the polyol pathway in the liver, resulting in the generation of fructose. In turn, the fructose is then metabolized by KHK, resulting in fructose-dependent effects. Indeed, glucose-induced weight gain, fat accumulation, fatty liver, and insulin resistance are all dependent on KHK. While some visceral fat and weight gain occur in glucose-fed mice lacking KHK, the development of fatty liver and hyperinsulinemia are almost entirely dependent on glucose-induced fructose metabolism .

High uric acid levels and gout also act as biomarkers for cardiovascular risk. Researchers have therefore focused on the relationship between various dietary components such as meat, alcohol, seafood, coffee, dairy products, folate and gout. High intakes of red meat and seafood are associated with a greater risk of gout because of their high purine content and impact on uric acid production. Cicero A.F., Rosticci M., Fogacci F., Grandi E., D’Addato S., Borghi C. High serum uric acid is associated to poorly controlled blood pressure and higher arterial stiffness in hypertensive subjects.

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Given that hyperuricemia is a remediable risk factor, we recommend both basic and clinical studies to address this important possibility. A randomized clinical trial and two large cohort studies recently showed that the use of allopurinol, a hypo-uricemic agent, could be beneficial to cardiovascular outcomes or all-cause mortality. Another previous randomized trial found reno-protective effects of allopurinol . Although these allopurinol benefits are correlated well with reduced uric acid levels in these studies, it is conceivable that the effect of allopurinol to lower BP may be due to the lowering of xanthine oxidase–induced oxidants, or other effects of allopurinol . Thus, the potential causal role of serum uric acid on these outcomes remains to be clarified further by future studies. In particular, additional randomized trial data on the effect of various urate-lowering medications (e.g. with or without xanthine oxidase inhibitor related properties) on the prevention or treatment of these outcomes would be valuable.

Compared with consumption of less than 1 serving per month, women who consumed one serving per day had a 74 percent increased risk of gout; and those with 2 or more servings per day had a 2.4 times higher risk. Unlike glucose, the sugar our bodies uses for fuel, fructose raises uric acid levels. But Choi agrees with Storey that his study is the first to link fructose to gout. An increased fructose intake is associated with a risk for several types of cancer, suggesting that fructose might be an alternative fuel for cancer growth.

Does Soda Cause Gout?

High serum uric acid concentration has been studied for its relationship with multiple adverse health outcomes, such as metabolic syndrome. Intervention studies have produced inconsistent outcomes for the relationship between fructose intake and serum uric acid concentration. To determine how uric acid might regulate KHK expression, we examined the transcription factor ChREBP which is known to have KHK as one of its target genes . ChREBP has also been reported to stimulate lipogenesis in response to fructose , . Consistent with the data in Figure 2D, we found that KHK mRNA expression was significantly increased by fructose in human hepatocytes .

Studying mice, the researchers found elevated uric acid and triglycerides in otherwise healthy mice who were fed a high-fructose diet during pregnancy. Additionally, the mice developed smaller fetuses and larger placentas than those fed standard rodent chow. Most of the damaging effects of the disease can be prevented by decreasing fructose and sucrose intake. A few children with a severe form of the disease will develop severe liver disease. Even removing fructose and sucrose from the diet may not prevent severe liver disease in these children.

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In this review, we sought to summarize available epidemiologic data related to serum uric acid levels and their trends. We also discuss determinants of uric acid levels from an epidemiologic perspective, with a special focus on the data on fructose and soft drink consumption and their link to serum uric acid and associated conditions. Finally, we provide an update on comorbidities and potential outcomes of hyperuricemia, particularly metabolic-cardiovascular-renal conditions.

What are the symptoms of excess uric acid?

Some fish, including salmon, sole, tuna, catfish, red snapper, tilapia, flounder, and whitefish are lower in purine than other types of fish, and can be included in your diet in moderation (two to three times per week) if you are not consuming other purine-rich foods.

Time will tell whether such approaches can improve health outcomes. Hopefully, by improving our understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which sugar and fructose can cause disease, we will be able to bring informed, comprehensive approaches to bear on our current metabolic epidemics. ), we speculate that chronic hyperinsulinemia that compensates for fructose-induced glucose production may subsequently lead to peripheral insulin resistance. CPT1A inhibition further increases the availability of fatty acids for triglyceride production. Triglyceride can be incorporated into lipid droplets, leading to steatosis, or can be incorporated into VLDL and secreted from the liver.

Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are increasing throughout the world , . The current epidemics of these conditions have been linked to the increased intake in the last decades of added sugars . A major component of added sugars is fructose, which constitutes 50% of the content of sucrose, and 55% of the most common form of HFCS. Fructose is distinct from glucose in its ability to induce features of metabolic syndrome both in humans , and laboratory animals . Of interest, the mechanism whereby fructose induces fatty liver appears to be independent of total energy intake. A final argument relates to the genetics of uric acid and fructose metabolism.

What fruits can reduce uric acid?

If you have been diagnosed with high uric acid, increase the consumption of dietary soluble fibres such as oats, apples, oranges, broccoli, pears, strawberries, blueberries, cucumbers, celery, carrots and barley. Have bananas as including them in your diet is beneficial in lowering excess uric acid levels.

•High fructose intake leads to enhanced accumulation of uric acid, thus inducing hyperuricemia. Stanhope K.L., Medici V., Bremer A.A., Lee V., Lam H.D., Nunez M.V., Chen G.X., Keim N.L., Havel P.J. A dose-response study of consuming high-fructose corn syrup-sweetened beverages on lipid/lipoprotein risk factors for cardiovascular disease in young adults. Choi H.K., Atkinson K., Karlson E.W., Willett W., Curhan G. Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men. Ogura J., Kuwayama K., Sasaki S., Kaneko C., Koizumi T., Yabe K., Tsujimoto T., Takeno R., Takaya A., Kobayashi M., et al. Reactive oxygen species derived from xanthine oxidase interrupt dimerization of breast cancer resistance protein, resulting in suppression of uric acid excretion to the intestinal lumen.

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Some people squeeze lime juice over the fruit to enhance its flavor. A person can also chill, grill, or blend dragon fruit into various dishes to make a nutritious and flavorful food option. Eat the flesh of the dragon fruit, including the small black seeds. These contain fiber that can add to the health benefits of eating dragon fruit. According to research in the World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, these seeds contain fatty acids, including omega-3 and omega-9 fatty acids as well as natural oils. Eating dragon fruit has a prebiotic effect on the body that enhances digestion and nourishes gut bacteria, according to a study in the Electronic Journal of Biotechnology.

The Effect Of Fructose On Renal Biology And Disease

When uricase is inhibited, rats show a greater metabolic response to fructose with worse fatty liver and higher blood pressure . Indeed, there is evidence that the loss of uricase may have provided a survival advantage to ancestral apes living in Europe in the mid-Miocene and therefore may have acted like a thrifty gene . The subsequent rise in sugar intake over the last centuries may have acted in concert with the loss of uricase to predispose us to obesity and diabetes . Purified fructose is used, however, so one can separate the effects of fructose from glucose. Indeed, animals are more sensitive to the combination of fructose and glucose because both sugars accelerate the absorption of the other . Combinations of free fructose and glucose, or sucrose, induce features of metabolic syndrome with levels of fructose of 20–30% dietary intake .

L-arginine is well tolerated and doses of 20 g/day are considered safe . On the practical side, l-arginine base is better tolerated by some with poor digestion but when taken as a powder, in water, it tastes metallic, so the taste of l-arginine HCl is preferable even if acidic. Despite the above reports on SUA there is no clear causal link between fructose intake and metabolic disorders such as diabetes, obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Some researchers have suggested that the causal factor may be upregulated XO activity rather than increased SUA while other researchers have suggested that the causal factor may elevated intracellular uric acid . Several strengths and potential limitations of our study deserve comment.